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Antarctica (/ænˈtɑrktɨkə/ or /æntˈɑrtɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive, including many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny first sighted a continental ice shelf in 1820. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.

The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.


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Country:Antarctica
Telephone country code:N/A
Coordinates: DMS: Latitude: 75°15'4" S; Longitude: 0°4'17" W; DD: -75.251, -0.071389;
Aliases (In other languages):Afrikaans: AntarcticaAzərbaycanca: AntarktidaBahasa Indonesia: AntarktikaDansk: AntarktisDeutsch: AntarktisEesti: AntarktisEnglish: AntarcticaEspañol: AntártidaFilipino: AntarcticaFrançaise: AntarctiqueHrvatski: AntarktikaItaliano: AntartideLatviešu: AntarktikaLietuvių: AntarktidaMagyar: AntarktiszMelayu: AntartikaNederlands: AntarcticaNorsk bokmål: AntarktikaOʻzbekcha: AntarktidaPolski: AntarktykaPortuguês: AntárticaRomână: AntarcticaShqip: AntarcticaSlovenčina: AntarktídaSlovenščina: AntarktikaSuomi: AntarktisSvenska: AntarktisTiếng Việt: Châu Nam CựcTürkçe: AntarktikaČeština: AntarktidaΕλληνικά: ΑνταρκτικήБеларуская: АнтарктыдаБългарски: АнтарктидаКыргызча: АнтарктидаМакедонски: АнтарктикМонгол: АнтарктикРусский: АнтарктидаСрпски: АнтарктикаТоҷикӣ: АнтарктидаУкраїнська: АнтарктидаҚазақша: АнтарктидаՀայերեն: Անտարկտիկաעברית: אנטרטיקהاردو: انٹارکٹکاالعربية: أنتاركتيكافارسی: جنوبگانमराठी: अंटार्क्टिकाहिन्दी: अंटार्टिकाবাংলা: অ্যান্টার্কটিকাગુજરાતી: એન્ટાર્કટિકાதமிழ்: அண்டார்டிக்காతెలుగు: అంటార్కిటికాಕನ್ನಡ: ಅಂಟಾರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕಾമലയാളം: അന്റാർട്ടിക്കසිංහල: ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවไทย: แอนตาร์กติกาქართული: ანტარქტიდა中國: 南极洲日本語: 南極한국어: 남극
More names:
'Anitatika, An Antartaice, Antaktika, Antarktik, Antarktiki, Antarkto, Antarktyda, Antartica, Antartica nutome, Antartida, Antàrtida, Antárktis, Nam Cuc, Nam Cực, Qalasersuaq Kujalleq, Sudurskautslandid, Suðurskautslandið, alqtb aljnwby, antaratika, antarkatika, arntakatika, entarkatika, entartika, i-Antarctica, jnwbgan, namgeug daelyug, nan ji, nan ji zhou, yantarktyka, ʻAnitātika, Антарктыка, אנטארקטיקה, ئانتارکتیکا, القطب الجنوبي, انتارکتیکا, انٹارکٹیکا, अंटार्कटिका, अन्टारतिका, এন্টার্কটিকা, এন্টাৰ্টিকা, ଆର୍ଣ୍ଟକଟିକା, அண்டார்டிகா, అంటార్కటికా, ಅಂಟಾರ್ಟಿಕಾ, അന്‍റാര്‍ട്ടിക്ക, ལྷོ་རྩེའི་མཐའ་གླིང་།, ཨེན་ཊཱག་ཊི་ཀ, အန္တာတိက, ანტარქტიკა, አንታርክቲካ, 남극 대륙

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